APUSH Semester 1 Final Exam Study Guide - Flashcards | StudyHippo.com (2024)

Adam Howard

7 July 2024

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Early settlements in the Americas

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Massachusetts Bay Colony

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Joint-Stock Company

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Enabled a certain amount of investors to pull their capital; only if the colony is some to succeed.

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Early Jamestown

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first permanant English Settlement

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Second Anglo-Powhatan War in 1644

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fought between the English in Jamestown and Indian Leader

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Tobacco Cultivation

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made a need for more labor, causing the bringing of more African slaves

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Slavery in Carolinas

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Colonial regions: similarities and differences

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General Court

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Mayflower Compact

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agreement to establish a body polatic and majority rule in America

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Fundamental Orders

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1639 Connecticut drafted in open meeting a document; was in effect a modern constitution; established a regime democratically; controlled by "substantial" citizens.

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Roger Williams

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Popular Salem minister radical ideas; wanted to make clean break with corrupt church of England probably built first Baptist church; established complete freedom of religion; Rhode Island

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King Philip's War

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Ended New England Indians' attempts to halt white expansion in America

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"Headright" system

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parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America, used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.

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Indentured servants

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European servants that emmigrated to America in hopes of opportunity

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Bacon's Rebellion

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Rebellion of discontent former landless servants led by Nathaniel Bacon. Though the rebellion was crushed, it caused a move from indentured servants to African slaves for labor purposes.

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"The Middle Passage"

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Part of the Triangle Trade, Africans were transported to the Americas, where they were traded for sugar and tobacco, reffered to as the journey from Africa to the Americas

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Reasons for slavery

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New England Family

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less disease, longevity, tended to migrate as families, more women than in the south, more stable family life, grandparents,

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Salem Witchcraft trials

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execution of 20 women as a result of conspiracies

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Early American compared to Europeans

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Triangular Trade

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three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Aferica sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

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Religion in colonial America

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Jonathan Edwards

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A Congregationalist preacher of the Great Awakening who spoke of the fiery depths of hell.

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Great Awakening

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Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established.

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Colonial schools and colleges

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John Peter Zenger

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zenger trial, freedom of the press

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Political principle in colonial America

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Colonial elections and voting requirements

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New France's valuable resources

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Jesuit priests

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French Catholic missionaries who attempted to convert Native Americans and save them from fur trappers. Important explorers and geographers.

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Treaty of Utrecht

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at the end of a Euro war fought along the Florida & Canadian borders (King William's War, 1689-97, Queen Anne's War, 1702-13), the Treaty gave England the French lands of Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, & the area around Hudson Bay

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Albany Congress of 1754

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inter colonial congress summoned by Benjamin Franklin to provide a system for taxes; keep Iroquois loyal to British; defense from France; colonists- did not want to relinquish control of their right to tax themselves, nor unite together.

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Seven Years' War/ French and Indian War

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British officials were disturbed by the lukewarm support of many colonials

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Proclamation of 1763

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was created to alleviate relations with natives after the French and Indian War and started that Americans were not permitted to passed the Appalachian Mountains.

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Republican beliefs at development of nation

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Mercantilism

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an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

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Sugar Act

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placed a tax on molasses and sugar which was suppose to stop the smuggling and bribery that was associated with the tax on molasses

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Stamp Act

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A tax that the British Pariliament placed on newspapers and official documents sold in the American Colonies

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Declaratory Act

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Parliament passed it in 1766, repealed Stamp Act, stated that the colonies were entirely subordinate to Parliament's authority and that Parliament had the authority to legislate for the colonies "in all cases whatsoever."

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Townshend Acts

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A tax that the British Parliament placed on leads, glass, paint and tea

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Declaration of Independence purpose

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Tories

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otherwise known as Loyalists during the revolutionary war

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Whigs

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otherwise known as patriots, for America, hated loyalists, Radials- British political commentators, nervous about the power of Parliament and the monarch, warned the colonists to be always on the lookout for a violation of their rights.

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Loyalists

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"Tories" in the revolutionary war who were loyal to England- many were older men

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Sons of Liberty

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colonists, formed to keep colonies informed of events and organize protests against British (boycotts, riots, articles

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George Washington

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Virginian, patriot, general, and president. Lived at Mount Vernon. Led the Revolutionary Army in the fight for independence. First President of the United States.

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Battle of Saratoga

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Turning point of the American Revolution, convinced the French to give the U.S. military support, lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat Great Britain

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Revolutionary War

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war against British proclaiming independence of the US

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Articles of Confederation

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came before the constitution, failed

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Treaty of Paris 1783

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Ended the French/Indian War, Ended the Revolution, recognized American Independence, granted all land south of Canada to Florida & Atlantic to Mississippi to Americans

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Question of Slavery in Constitution

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Northwest Ordinance of 1787

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created a policy for administering the Northwestern Territories; it included a path to statehood and forbade the expansion of slavery into the territories

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Land Ordinance of 1785

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provided for the sale of land in the old Northwest and earmaked the proceeds toward repayign the national debt

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Philadelphia convention

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all of the states except Rhode Island sent delegates, George Washington served as president of the convention, lasted 16 weeks, produced the present Constitution of the United States, which was draftedmostly by James Madison.

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"Father of the Constitution"

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Great compromise @ constitutional Convention

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the bill of rights

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"Three-fifths Compromise"

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Slaves count as 3/5 of a person when it comes to voting

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Antifederalists

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Bill of Rights

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the first 10 amendments of the constitution

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Alexander Hamiltion's financial plan

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favored the wealthy, proposed funding the national debt, assuming state debts, establishing a national bank, a low protective wall around infant industries.

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Hamiltion's proposed bank of US

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was based on the "necessary and proper," or "elastic," clause in the Constitution

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Whiskey Rebellion of 1794

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farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders, the army put down the rebellion, showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

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Hamilton's position on public policy

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privledges for the upper class

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Jefferson's position on public policy

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government support for business

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Washington's Farewell Address of 1796

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advised the nation to steer clear of permanent allies and he urged us to have as little connection as possible

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Alien and Sedition Acts

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4 laws passed by the Federalist Congress and signed by President Adams; the Naturalization Act, the Alien Act, the Sedition Act

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Hamiltonian Federalists

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little faith in the average person, rich should be in charge, federal government should have most power, economy based on business,

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Jeffersonian Republican "ideal citizens"

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independent farmer

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Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans

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favored strong central government, the best should rule (similar to a monarchy), favored a republic (small gov. with limited powers), economy based on agriculture, constitution was only guidance,

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Jefferson's 'Revolution of 1800'

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since Jefferson is President, country can change political parties without violence

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Prejudice of early 19th century women

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too much learning would injure their brains and is bad for their healh

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Hudson River School

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Indian boarding school designed to americanize Native American children.

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"Civil Disobedience"

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written by Henry David Thoreau, expressed opposition to the Mexican War, argued that individuals have a moral responsibility to oppose unjust laws & unjust actions by gov'ts. This essay influenced Dr. King's philosophy of nonviolence

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Planter Aristocracy

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government was heavily affected by the planter aristocracy, dominance of aristocracy in the South widened the gap between the rich and poor because the aristocrats made all the decisions in their favor in government.

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Increase of Slave Population

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natural breeding, marriages, etc.

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Marbury v. Madison

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established that the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review was constitutional.

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Louisiana Territory purpose

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land would ensure liberty and the existence of the republic- good for shipping and trading, gave more land to US

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impressment

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British practice of taking any sailors (not just British) and forcing them into military service if needed in an emergency. Infuriated Jefferson and American merchants

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British/French violation of US neutraility

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Thomas Jefferson imposed Embargo (ograbme)

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War Hawks

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most were in the west and fronteirs, minority, wanted war

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Tecumseh

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leader of the Indian military efforts, realized that they could only defeat the whites and take back the Northwest if they united, set out down the Mississippi river to visit tribes and persuade them to join him in the Tecumseh confederacy and battle the whites who had wrongly taken their land through treaties

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Fort McHenry

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Burning of Washington

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Battle of New Orleans

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British invasion, 2500 British soldiers were killed/captured, only 8 men were killed from US, Treaty of Ghent had ended the War of 1812 two weeks before the battle, inspired American nationalism

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Battle of Tippecanoe

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Americans v. Shawnee Indians. led by governor William Henry Harrison, the Americans defeated the Shawnee's and Tecumseh in the Indiana Territory.

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Hartford Convention Resolutions

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wanted to cecede

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By-products of War of 1812

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Henry Clay's American System

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wanted national banking, national tariffs, and national roads

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Opposers of the American System

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opposers of bank, tariff, roads

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Demise of Federalist party

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Hartford Convention

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Era of Good Feelings

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One-party rule

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Missouri Compromise

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sectionalism allowed slavery, 36-30 line

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McCulloch v. Maryland

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attempt to destroy the bank

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Cohens v. Virginia

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guilty of selling lottery tickets

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Gibbons v. Ogden

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NY waterways

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John Marshall

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served in the Continental Army during the Revolution, embraced the Federalist Party, ruled that the Supreme Court could not compel Madison to deliver Marbury's commission, argued the Court could not issue a writ of mandamus in its original jurisdiction, 1st time the court had declared an act of Congress unconstitutional

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Monroe Doctrine

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an address to congress about European powers

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1824 presidential election

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first election of a minority president

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Spoils system

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public office jobs are given to the supporters of whichever political party had power at the time

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Tariff of 1828

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protective tariff passed by the U.S. Congress, known as the "Tariff of Abominations" to its Southern detractors because of the effects it had on the Antebellum Southern economy; the highest tariff in U.S. peacetime, goal was to protect industry in the northern United States from competing European goods by increasing the prices of European products.

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Nullification Crisis of 1832-1833

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rights of states to declare federal laws illegal, Keeps the feds in check in regard to state laws.

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Jackson's policy of Native Americans

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move Indians west of the Mississippi

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Americans Moving to Texas

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most were white southerners and their slaves,

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Democratic and Whig party similarity

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broad party politics- no socio-economic difference, mass political participation

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Irish Immigrants

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hated because they were Catholic

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Nativism

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movement based on hostility to immigrants

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Patriotism

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Cult of Domesticity

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mothers, Kathrine Beacher

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Eli Whitney

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invented the Cotton gin and interchangable parts

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First Industrial Revolution in America

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mainly TEXTILES

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Cotton Gin

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Increased Slavery

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Samuel Morse

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Telegraph

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Cyrus mcCormick

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invented the mechanical reaper for harvesting

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Elias Howe

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invented the sewing machine

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Robert Fulton

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invented the Steamboat

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Economies of various regions

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Second Great Awakening

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largely reversed the trends toward religious indifference and rationalism of the late eighteenth century

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Tax-supported public education

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Noah Webster

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invented the dictionary- made English an established language

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Uncle Tom's Cabin

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written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, proved harsh realities of slavery

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Least successful form of slave resistance

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Fighting

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William Lloyd Garrison

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published the first edition of "The Liberator" triggering a 30-year war of words and in a sense firing one of the first shots of the Civil War

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Dispute of Maine Border

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annexing Texas

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Manifest Destiny

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the idea that the US was destined to expand across the continent

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James K. Polk

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Dark-horse predidential winner in 1844 who effectively carried out ambitious expansionist campaign- MANIFEST DESTINY

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Oregon Treaty

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established an U.S./Canadian (British) border along this parallel. The boundary along the 49th parallel extended from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean.

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War with Mexico: causes & effects

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Spot Resolutions

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offered by Congressman Abraham Lincoln demanding to know the precise location where Mexicans had allegedly shed American blood on the "America" soil.

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William Proviso

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passed by house and not the senate, prohibited slavery from land aqcuired from Mexico

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Popular Sovereignty

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created by Stephen Douglas

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Harriet Tubman

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primary leader of the underground railroad

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Seventh of March Speech 1850

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Compromise of 1850

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package of five bills, defused a four year confrontation between the southern slave states and the northern Free states following the Mexican American War. Drafted by Henry Clay and brokered by Stephen Douglas, temporarily avoided secession or civil war at the time, quieted a sectional conflict for 4 years.

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Fatal Split of Whig party in 1852

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Gadsden Purchase

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Region of present day southern Arizona and New Mexico purchased by the USA from Mexico in a treaty signed by President Franklin Pierce. Last major addition to the territorial acquisition by the US.

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Matthew Perry

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the Commodore of the U.S. Navy who compelled the opening of Japan to the West with the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854

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Stephen A Douglas

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popular sovereignty

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Kansas-Nebraska Act

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divides and uses pop sov. To determine slavery sliced Nebraska into two territories, status to be settled by popular sovereignty, Stephen Douglas

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"Bleeding Kansas"

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A term describing the prairie territory where a small civil war in Kansas broke out in 1856.

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Lecompton Constitution

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Kansas, slavery

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Preston S. Brooks and Charles Sumner clash

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cane beating in congress, proved that slavery was a big controversy and affects everyone

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Know-Nothing Party in 1856

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against immigrants, led by Millard Filmore

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Dred Scott Case

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blacks had no civil or human rights and that Congress could not prohibit slavery in territories

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Harpers Ferry

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John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal; Brown and remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged

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Crittenden Compromise

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slavery proposed in new territories which would break the Missouri compromise; Lincoln opposed

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Secession

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formally withdrawing membership of the U.S.

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Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis

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A.L. - J.D.- president of confederate states, also U.S. senator

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Border States

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Northern-most slave states that did not attempt to secede

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Union war stradegy

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blockades,

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Women during the Civil War

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nurses- helped heal wounded soldiers

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Emancipation Proclamation

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Declared all slaves in rebelling states to be free but did not affect slavery in non-rebelling Border States; closed door on possible compromise with the South and encouraged thousands of Southern slaves to flee to Union lines.

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Battles of Antietam and Gettysburg

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Freedman's Beureau

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Constitutional amendment that extended civil rights to freedmen and prohibited States from taking away such rights without due process.

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13th, 14th, 15th amendments

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13- end slavery, 14- granted citizenship to African Americans, 15- granted African Americans the right to vote

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Black Codes

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Laws passed throughout the South to restrict the rights of emancipated blacks, particularly with respect to negotiating labor contracts; Increased Northerners' criticisms of President Andrew Johnson's lenient Reconstruction policies.

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Varying plans for reconstruction

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Ku Klux Klan

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White paramilitary organization whose members, cloaked in sheets to conceal their identities, terrorized freedmen and sympathetic whites throughout the South after the Civil War.

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Force Acts

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Passed by Congress following a wave of Ku Klux Klan violence, banned clan membership, prohibited the use of intimidation to prevent blacks from voting, and gave the U.S. military the authority to enforce the acts.

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Impeachment

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kicking a president out of office

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Seward's Folly

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Another name for the purchase of Alaska, bought by William Seward from Russia

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Credit Mobilier

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1872; tarred Grant's presidency; Union Pacific Railroad insiders formed this construction company and then hired themselves at inflated prices to build railroad line, earnings at 348 percent; bribed congressmen with it; a newspaper expose and congressional investigation of the scandal led to the formal censure of two congressmen and the revelation that the vice president had accepted payments from this company

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Boss Tweed

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A boss of a political machine in New York who ministered to the immigrants' needs.

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Thomas Nast

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New York Times cartoonist; portrayed Boss Tweed mercilessly; cartoons were influential because Tweed's illiterate followers could understand them

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Pendleton Act

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1883; by Garfield's murder; made campaign contributions from federal employees illegal and established the Civil Service Commission to make appointments to federal jobs on the basis of competitive examinations rather than "pull"

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Compromise of 1877

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reconstruction ends

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Plessy v. Ferguson and Jim Crow Laws

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part-black Plessy is forced to move to the back of a train even though he looks mainly white, established "Seperate but Equal"

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Captains of Industry and Robber Barons

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John D. Rockefeller

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Founder of the Standard Oil Company, known for one of the biggest monopolies of all time

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Andrew Carnegie

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Creates Carnegie Steel; Gets bought out by banker JP Morgan and renamed U.S. Steel; used vertical integration by buying all the steps needed for production; philanthropist; one of the "Robber barons"

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Interstate Commerce Act

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Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices

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Booker T. Washington

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Ex-slave; called to head the black school in Tuskegee, Alabama. Started with about 40 students; taught blacks useful trades so they would gain self-respect and economic security.

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W.E.B. Dubois

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Called Booker Washington an Uncle Tom who was condemning their race to manual labor and inferiority; demanded complete equality; helped found the National Association for Advancement of Colored People; said tenth of blacks should have full access to mainstream of American life

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Women's suffrage movement

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National American Women's Suffrage Association- organization formed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and others to promote the vote for women

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Morrill Act of 1862

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Provided a grant of lands to states for support of education; led to creation of land-grant colleges

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"New Immigrants"

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second major wave of immigrants to the U.S.; between 1865-1910; came mostly from Southern and Eastern Europe, fleeing persecution and poverty. Language barriers and cultural differences produced mistrust by Americans.

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Settlement Houses

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Institutions located in poor neighborhoods that provided community services such as medical care, child care, libraries, and classes in English

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Prohibition Movement

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prohibition of alcohol

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American Federation of Labor

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Samuel Gompers; to give workers voice in independent America; only skilled workers (no women or blacks but women somehow gained membership); boycotts & strikes

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Knights of Labor

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1st effort to create National union; open to everyone but lawyers and bankers; no clear goals, weak leadership and organization; failed

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Transcontinental Railroad

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a railroad that connected the eastern United States to the western United States. The railroad firmly bonded the West Coast the Union, created a trade route to the far-east, and helped the western expansion

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Sherman Anti-Trust Act

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first government movement to prohibit trusts

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Populist Party

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Started as Farmer's Alliance, farmers came together and became organized, translated into Populists; wanted to unite farmers of south/west/poor blacks/whites and industrial/factory workers

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Plains Indian wars

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Effects of the railroads

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trade,

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Homestead Act

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republicans liked it, passed in 1862, gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years, settler would only have to pay a registration fee of $25.

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"Granger Laws"

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organization of farmers called the Grange, wanted to regulate railway rates and storage fees charged by railroads, warehouses, and grain elevators through state legislation; laws that were passed, but eventually reversed

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William Jennings Bryan

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was a leading American politician from the 1890s until his death; was a dominant force in the liberal wing of the Democratic Party; three times as candidate for President

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Imperialism

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the US imperialized puerto rico, cuba, hawaii, etc.

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Filipino Insurrection

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an armed conflict between a group of Filipino revolutionaries and the United States which arose from the struggle of the First Philippine Republic to gain independence following annexation by the United States

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Open Door Policy

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allowing equal access from the countries to Chinese consumers

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Roosevelt Corallary

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Used threat of military force to basically justify intervention of Latin American territories

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"Gentlemen's Agreement"

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U.S. would stop school segregation for Asians, Japan agreed to no more Japanese Immigration to the U.S.